Optimalisasi Rute Distribusi Barang di Indonesia
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Biaya logistik memberikan dampak signifikan terhadap Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) Indonesia, sehingga diperlukan strategi distribusi yang efisien di negara kepulauan dengan tantangan geografis yang kompleks. Tinjauan pustaka sistematis ini bertujuan merangkum penelitian mengenai optimalisasi rute distribusi dalam meningkatkan efisiensi operasional, ketahanan rantai pasok, dan daya saing ekonomi. Kajian ini mengelompokkan model matematis dan heuristik berdasarkan studi empiris dari berbagai sektor di Indonesia, termasuk ketahanan pangan, distribusi barang, dan logistik pihak ketiga, serta meninjau metrik kinerja, seperti biaya, jarak tempuh, dan utilisasi armada. Hasil sintesis menunjukkan bahwa metode heuristik, khususnya Saving Matrix dan berbagai pendekatan metaheuristik, paling sering digunakan untuk menyelesaikan Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). Secara umum, optimisasi rute terbukti mampu menurunkan biaya operasional secara konsisten, dengan penghematan yang dalam banyak studi melebihi 20%, disertai pengurangan jarak tempuh dan perbaikan pemanfaatan kapasitas kendaraan. Namun, sebagian besar penelitian masih berfokus pada efisiensi biaya dan jarak, sementara aspek keberlanjutan lingkungan, seperti emisi karbon, belum banyak diintegrasikan. Temuan ini menegaskan perlunya pengembangan model optimasi yang lebih dinamis, multimoda, dan adaptif terhadap kondisi lalu lintas real-time serta target keberlanjutan.
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