A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Blue Carbon Potential of Sargassum Using the Loss on Ignition (LOI) Method in Sekupang Waters, Batam Municipality
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Blue-carbon ecosystems play a critical role in climate change mitigation; however, the contribution of macroalgae, particularly Sargassum, remains insufficiently quantified in tropical coastal regions. This study assessed the blue carbon potential of Sargassum biomass in the coastal waters of Sekupang District, Batam City, by integrating satellite remote sensing and Loss on Ignition (LOI) analysis. Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS imagery was geometrically and radiometrically corrected and processed using the Lyzenga Depth Invariant Index to minimize water-column effects and improve benthic habitat detection. Field observations collected 30 Sargassum biomass samples from 5 × 5 m transects, which were analyzed using the LOI method to determine organic matter content. Organic carbon content was estimated using a standardized conversion widely applied in blue carbon studies. A linear regression between Lyzenga-derived spectral values and field-measured %LOI showed a strong relationship (R² = 0.852) with low prediction error (RMSE = 0.84), demonstrating the reliability of satellite imagery for spatial carbon estimation. The maximum estimated carbon stock reached 832.97 Mg C ha⁻¹, highlighting the substantial carbon sequestration capacity of Sargassum ecosystems. This integrated framework provides a scalable, cost-effective approach for macroalgal blue carbon assessment and supports the inclusion of macroalgae in coastal carbon accounting and climate mitigation strategies.
Downloads
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Adharini, R. I., Budhiyanti, S. A., Hia, P. A., Azani, A. A., & Suadi, S. (2025). Exploring Chemical Compounds Diversity and Potential Applications of Four Sargassum Species from the South Coast of Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Implications for Blue Economy and Sustainability. Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences, 41(3), 154.
An, N. Van, An, T. T., Quang, N. H., Thang, H. N., & Thap, L. Van. (2023). Benthic habitat mapping and bathymetry retrieval in the shallow water of Cham Island, Vietnam. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1278(1), 012038.
Baggaley, N., Britton, A., Sandison, F., Lilly, A., Stutter, M., Rees, R. M., Reed, M., & Buckingham, S. (2022). Understanding carbon sequestration from nature-based solutions. The James Hutton Institute.
Bayazit, M., Dönmez, C., & Berberoglu, S. (2025). Assessing the efficiency of pixel-based and object-based image classification using deep learning in an agricultural Mediterranean plain. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(2), 155.
Chen, J., Wang, K., Zhao, X., Cheng, X., Zhang, S., Chen, J., Li, J., & Li, X. (2023). Satellite imagery-estimated intertidal seaweed biomass using UAV as an intermediary. Remote Sensing, 15(18), 4428.
Doolan, G., & Hynes, S. (2023). Ecosystem service valuation of blue carbon habitats: a review for saltmarshes and seagrasses. Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics, 10(1), 2.
Echevarría-Rubio, J. M., Martínez-Flores, G., & Morales-Pérez, R. A. (2025). Machine and Deep Learning Framework for Sargassum Detection and Fractional Cover Estimation Using Multi-Sensor Satellite Imagery. Data, 10(11), 177.
Edyvane, K. S., Fajariyanto, Y., Hakim, L., Prananda, A. R. A., Tania, C., & Susanto, H. A. (2024). Coastal and marine ecosystems of the Arafura and Timor Seas–characterization, key features and ecological significance. Coastal Management, 52(3), 73–96.
Erlania, E. (2023). Contributions of Seaweed to Carbon Sequestration. dro.deakin.edu.au
Fajardo Rueda, J., Leigh, L., & Pinto, C. T. (2024). A global mosaic of temporally stable pixels for radiometric calibration of optical satellite sensors using Landsat 8. Remote Sensing, 16(13), 2437.
Feizizadeh, B., Darabi, S., Blaschke, T., & Lakes, T. (2022). QADI as a new method and alternative to kappa for accuracy assessment of remote sensing-based image classification. Sensors, 22(12), 4506.
Fourqurean, J., Johnson, B., Kauffman, J. B., Kennedy, H., Lovelock, C., Saintilan, N., Alongi, D. M., Cifuentes, M., Copertino, M., & Crooks, S. (2014). Field sampling of vegetative carbon pools in coastal ecosystems. Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature: Arlington, VA, USA, 67–108.
Funtua, A. I. (2022). Review of Conceptual Models of Estimating the Spatio-Temporal Variations of Water Depth Using Remote Sensing and GIS for the Management of Dams and Reservoirs. In Geospatial Modeling for Environmental Management (pp. 83–109). CRC Press.
Hershey, N. R., & Nandan, S. B. (2024). Preserving the Blue Carbon: The Role of Coastal Wetlands in Sustainable Development. In Ecosystem Services Valuation for Sustainable Development (pp. 213–236). Springer.
Hutapea, E. D., Susetya, I. E., Fadhilah, A., Yusni, E., Wahyuwatri, I., Manik, E. A., Aritonang, J. E., Setyorini, H. B., & Suriani, M. (2022). Biomass and carbon storage of Sargassum sp. in Poncan Gadang Island, North Sumatera Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 977(1), 012122.
Indah, M. N., Sapanlil, K., Sadelie, A., Kusumastanto, T., & Hamzah, A. S. (2026). Land Cover Change and Emissions In Blue Carbon Mangroves Forest Conservation Area in Indonesia. Next Research, 101800.
Janousek, C., & Williams, T. (2024). Tidal wetland restoration monitoring plan for the central Oregon coast.
Liu, J., Failler, P., & Ramrattan, D. (2024). Blue carbon accounting to monitor coastal blue carbon ecosystems. Journal of Environmental Management, 352, 120008.
Mederos-Barrera, A., Marcello, J., Eugenio, F., & Hernández, E. (2022). Seagrass mapping using high resolution multispectral satellite imagery: A comparison of water column correction models. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 113, 102990.
Mor, S., & Ghimire, M. (2022). Transparency and nationally determined contributions: A review of the Paris Agreement. Interdisciplinary Journal of Economics and Business Law, 11(2), 106–119.
Pratomo, D. G., Cahyadi, M. N., Hariyanto, I. H., Syariz, M. A., & Putri, S. (2024). Lyzenga Algorithm for Shallow Water Mapping Using Multispectral Sentinel-2 Imageries in Gili Noko Waters. BIO Web of Conferences, 89, 07006.
Rangzan, K., Kabolizadeh, M., & Karimi, D. (2022). Optimized water depth retrieval using satellite imageries based on novel algorithms. Earth Science Informatics, 15(1), 37–55.
Satoh, Y., Ishizuka, S., Hiradate, S., Atarashi-Andoh, M., Nagano, H., & Koarashi, J. (2023). Sequential loss-on-ignition as a simple method for evaluating the stability of soil organic matter under actual environmental conditions. Environmental Research, 239, 117224.
Sidik, F., Lawrence, A., Wagey, T., Zamzani, F., & Lovelock, C. E. (2023). Blue carbon: A new paradigm of mangrove conservation and management in Indonesia. Marine Policy, 147, 105388.
Singh, M. S., & Devi, T. T. (2022). by" Loss-on-Ignition" Method. River Dynamics and Flood Hazards: Studies on Risk and Mitigation, 385.
Sullivan, S., Hu, C., Barnes, B. B., & Qi, L. (2025). Pelagic Sargassum in the Florida Keys: assessment using high-resolution remote sensing. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 46(18), 6758–6782.
Sun, Y., Wang, M., Liu, M., Li, Z. B., Chen, Z., & Huang, B. (2024). Continuous Sargassum monitoring across the Caribbean Sea and Central Atlantic using multi-sensor satellite observations. Remote Sensing of Environment, 309, 114223.
Swagatika Priyadarshini, L. A., Kaushik, V., & Kataria, R. (2025). The role of anthropogenic activities, energy demand, and global climate change. In The Intersection of Global Energy Politics and Climate Change: A Comprehensive Analysis of Energy Markets and Economics (pp. 35–61). Springer.
Vinata, R. T., Kumala, M. T., & Setyowati, P. J. (2024). Blue carbon ecosystems for climate resilience in Indonesia: A study of adaptation strategy. Environmental Policy and Law, 54(1), 43–51.
Vitousek, S., Buscombe, D., Vos, K., Barnard, P. L., Ritchie, A. C., & Warrick, J. A. (2023). The future of coastal monitoring through satellite remote sensing. Cambridge Prisms: Coastal Futures, 1, e10.
Xu, L., Jin, B., Zou, L., Tham, Y. J., Yang, Y., & Wang, Q. (2026). Microbial decomposition of Sargassum enhances recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon production and sedimentary carbon sequestration. Journal of Environmental Management, 398, 128430.
Yan, L., & Roy, D. P. (2025). Using Landsat 8 and 9 operational land imager (OLI) data to characterize geometric distortion and improve geometric correction of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 321, 114679.
Zhang, H. (2024). The paris agreement’s enhanced transparency framework: state practices and compliance challenges. In Research Handbook on the Law of the Paris Agreement (pp. 279–295). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Zhao, L., Fan, X., & Xiao, S. (2025). Remote-sensing indicators and methods for coastal-ecosystem health assessment: A review of progress, challenges, and future directions. Water, 17(13), 1971.
Zhu, J.-J., & Yan, B. (2022). Blue carbon sink function and carbon neutrality potential of mangroves. In Science of the total environment (Vol. 822, p. 153438). Elsevier.
Zhu, S., Cai, B., Fang, S., Zhu, J., & Gao, Q. (2023). The development and influence of IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. In Annual Report on Actions to Address Climate Change (2019) Climate Risk Prevention (pp. 233–246). Springer.